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| Adult, San Diego County Desert |
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Adult, San Diego County Desert |
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| Adult, San Diego County Desert |
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| Adult, San Diego County Desert |
Adult, Imperial County |
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| Adult, San Bernardino County Desert |
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| Adult, San Diego County Desert |
Adult, Riverside County © Jeff Kahler |
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| Juveniles |
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| Defecating juvenile, Riverside County Desert |
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| Sub-adult, San Diego County Desert, with unusually reduced markings |
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Snakes from areas near where two subspecies come into contact.
(Intergrades, or subspecies unknown) |
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Striped juvenile, possible intergrade wth A. e. occidentalis - California Glossy Snake,
San Diego County © Stuart Young |
Striped adult, possible intergrade wth A. e. occidentalis - California Glossy Snake,
San Diego County © Ross Padilla |
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| Habitat |
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| Habitat, San Diego County desert |
Habitat, San Diego County desert |
Habitat, San Diego County desert |
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Habitat, Imperial County desert
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Habitat, early spring,
Riverside California desert |
Habitat, San Diego County
desert mountains |
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Habitat, San Diego County
desert mountains |
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| Short Videos |
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| A large adult Desert Glossy Snake cruises along the desert ground at night. |
A tiny juvenile glossy snake is discovered under a board in early spring. |
Several views of a Desert Glossy Snake crawling around at night in the San Diego County desert. |
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| Description |
Not Dangerous - This snake does not have venom that can cause death or serious illness or injury in most humans.
Commonly described as "harmless" or "not poisonous" to indicate that its bite is not dangerous, but "not venomous" is more accurate. (A poisonous snake can hurt you if you eat it. A venomous snake can hurt you if it bites you.)
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| Length |
Adults are 26-70 inches in length (66-178 cm). (Stebbins, 2003) Average length is 3 - 4 feet.
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| Appearance |
A medium-sized muscular snake with smooth, glossy scales, a faded or bleached-out appearance, and a short tail.
Rostral scale (on the nose) is enlarged for digging (but not as much so as that of a patch-nosed snake or a leaf-nosed snake.)
Pupils are rounded. |
| Color and Pattern |
A light cream ground color with pale olive-brown blotches on the back and sides and a pale, unmarked underside.
Dark line behind each eye and a dark line (a "unibrow") between the eyes.
Generally paler than other California Glossy snake subspecies.
An average of 68 narrow blotches on body.
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| Similar Snakes |
Comparison of the 3 subspecies of Arizona elegans in California, along with sympatric species similar in appearance - Pituophis catenifer - Gopher Snake, Trimorphodon biscutatus - Lyre Snake, Hypsiglena - Night Snakes, Coluber constrictor mormon - Western Yellow-Bellied Racer (juvenile).
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| Life History and Behavior |
Activity |
Nocturnal.
Hides underground in daytime under rocks, in exsisting burrows, or uses its specialized nose to make its own burrow. |
| Diet and Feeding |
Preys mostly on sleeping diurnal lizards, but also eats small snakes, terrestrial birds, and nocturnally-active mammals.
Hunts active mammals at night by waiting in ambush.
Kills prey by direct swallowing or constriction. |
| Reproduction |
Females are oviparous - laying from 3 - 23 eggs (more often 5-12) in June and July. (Stebbins, 2003)
Eggs most likely hatch in late summer and early fall.
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| Habitat |
Inhabits barren sandy desert, arid scrub, rocky washes.
Appears to prefer microhabitats of open areas and areas with soil loose enough for easy burrowing.
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| Geographical Range |
This subspecies, Arizona elegans eburnata - Desert Glossy Snake, occurs from southern Nevada, northwest Arizona and extreme southwest Utah south through eastern California into northeastern Baja California.
The species Arizona elegans - Western Glossy Snake, has a very wide range, occurring through most of the southwest, and the southeastern part of the Midwest, and south into Mexico, including northern Baja California.
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| Elevational Range |
The species is found from below sea level to around 7,218 ft. (2,200 m). (Stebbins, 2003)
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| Notes on Taxonomy |
ICollins elevated the western Glossy Snakes - A. e. occidentalis, A. e. eburnata, and A. e. candida - to specific status (Arizona occidentalis) (1991, Herp. Review 22:42-43) with the eastern Glossy Snakes remaining Arizona elegans, but this change has not been widely accepted.
Alternate and Previous Names (Synonyms)
Arizona elegans eburnata - Desert Glossy Snake (Wright & Wright 1957, Stebbins 1966, 1985, 2003, 2012)
Arizona elegans eburnata (SDNHS 1946)
Arizona elegans - Faded Snake (Rhinechis elegans; Coluber arizonae. Smooth-scaled Coluber) (Grinnell and Camp 1917)
Arizona elegans (Kennicott, 1859)
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| Conservation Issues (Conservation Status) |
None.
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Taxonomy |
| Family |
Colubridae |
Colubrids |
Oppel, 1811 |
| Genus |
Arizona |
Glossy Snakes |
Kennicott, 1859 |
| Species |
elegans |
Western Glossy Snake |
Kennicott, 1859 |
Subspecies
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eburnata |
Desert Glossy Snake |
Klauber, 1946 |
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Original Description |
Arizona elegans - Kennicott, 1859 - in Baird, U.S. Mex.
Arizona elegans eburnata - 1946 - Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 10, p. 350, pl. 8, fig. 1, text fig. 1, map
from Original Description Citations for the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America © Ellin Beltz
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Meaning of the Scientific Name |
Arizona - 1.) Latin - areo - to be dry and zona - belt of earth - refers to the geographical distribution
2.) arizonac - place of springs - American Indian word, refers to the Arizona region
elegans - Latin - fine or elegant- refers to the color pattern
eburnata - Latin - made of ivory- refers to the pale color pattern
from Scientific and Common Names of the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America - Explained © Ellin Beltz
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Related or Similar Neighboring California Snakes |
A. e. candida - Mohave Glossy Snake
A. e. occidentalis - California Glossy Snake
P. decurtatus - Spotted Leaf-nosed Snake
P. c. affinis - Sonoran Gophersnake
P. c. deserticola - Great Basin Gophersnake
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More Information and References |
California Department of Fish and Wildlife
Stebbins, Robert C., and McGinnis, Samuel M. Field Guide to Amphibians and Reptiles of California: Revised Edition (California Natural History Guides) University of California Press, 2012.
Stebbins, Robert C. California Amphibians and Reptiles. The University of California Press, 1972.
Flaxington, William C. Amphibians and Reptiles of California: Field Observations, Distribution, and Natural History. Fieldnotes Press, Anaheim, California, 2021.
Samuel M. McGinnis and Robert C. Stebbins. Peterson Field Guide to Western Reptiles & Amphibians. 4th Edition. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, 2018.
Stebbins, Robert C. A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians. 3rd Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2003.
Behler, John L., and F. Wayne King. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf, 1992.
Powell, Robert., Joseph T. Collins, and Errol D. Hooper Jr. A Key to Amphibians and Reptiles of the Continental United States and Canada. The University Press of Kansas, 1998.
Bartlett, R. D. & Patricia P. Bartlett. Guide and Reference to the Snakes of Western North America (North of Mexico) and Hawaii. University Press of Florida, 2009.
Bartlett, R. D. & Alan Tennant. Snakes of North America - Western Region. Gulf Publishing Co., 2000.
Brown, Philip R. A Field Guide to Snakes of California. Gulf Publishing Co., 1997.
Ernst, Carl H., Evelyn M. Ernst, & Robert M. Corker. Snakes of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Institution Press, 2003.
Taylor, Emily. California Snakes and How to Find Them. Heyday, Berkeley, California. 2024.
Wright, Albert Hazen & Anna Allen Wright. Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. Cornell University Press, 1957.
Joseph Grinnell and Charles Lewis Camp. A Distributional List of the Amphibians and Reptiles of California. University of California Publications in Zoology Vol. 17, No. 10, pp. 127-208. July 11, 1917.
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The following conservation status listings for this animal are taken from the April 2024 State of California Special Animals List and the April 2024 Federally Listed Endangered and Threatened Animals of California list (unless indicated otherwise below.) Both lists are produced by multiple agencies every year, and sometimes more than once per year, so the conservation status listing information found below might not be from the most recent lists. To make sure you are seeing the most recent listings, go to this California Department of Fish and Wildlife web page where you can search for and download both lists:
https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Data/CNDDB/Plants-and-Animals.
A detailed explanation of the meaning of the status listing symbols can be found at the beginning of the two lists. For quick reference, I have included them on my Special Status Information page.
If no status is listed here, the animal is not included on either list. This most likely indicates that there are no serious conservation concerns for the animal. To find out more about an animal's status you can also go to the NatureServe and IUCN websites to check their rankings.
Check the current California Department of Fish and Wildlife sport fishing regulations to find out if this animal can be legally pursued and handled or collected with possession of a current fishing license. You can also look at the summary of the sport fishing regulations as they apply only to reptiles and amphibians that has been made for this website.
This snake is not included on the Special Animals List, which indicates that there are no significant conservation concerns for it in California.
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| Organization |
Status Listing |
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| NatureServe Global Ranking |
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| NatureServe State Ranking |
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| U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) |
None |
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| California Endangered Species Act (CESA) |
None |
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| California Department of Fish and Wildlife |
None |
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| Bureau of Land Management |
None |
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| USDA Forest Service |
None |
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| IUCN |
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Red: Range of this subspecies in California
