A Guide to the Amphibians
and Reptiles of California

Tiger Whiptail - Aspidoscelis tigris

Great Basin Whiptail - Aspidoscelis tigris tigris

(Baird and Girard, 1852)

(= Cnemidophorus tigris tigris)

Click on a picture for a larger view

Description • Taxonomy • Species Description • Scientific Name • Alt. Names • Similar Herps • References • Conservation Status

Red: Range of this subspecies in California
Aspidoscelis tigris tigris - Great Basin Whiptail

Range of other subspecies in California:

Dark Blue: Aspidoscelis tigris stejnegeri -
San Diegan Tiger Whiptail

Orange: Aspidoscelis tigris munda -
California Whiptail

Click on the map for a topographical view

Map with California County Names

Adult, Kern County

Adult, Inyo County

Adult, San Diego County

Adult, Inyo County

Adult, San Diego County

Adult, Kern County

Adult, San Diego County

Adult, Kern County

Adult, San Bernardino County
© Jeff Ahrens

Adult with a faded pattern, Imperial County © Keith Condon

Adult with pink and tan coloration, Imperial County © Adam Clause

Adult male, Mono County
© Adam Clause

Adult, Kern County © Lou Silva

This Great Basin Whiptail from Riverside County has an abnormal forked tail, probably resulting from an injury.
© Dan Schroeter

Adult, San Bernardino County © Mike Ryan

These pictures of a freshly road-killed Imperial County adult serve as a good illustration of this lizard's large belly scales, very long taill, and pale throat.

In these pictures you can see this lizards transparent lower eyelid -
It is open on the left
It is closed on the right.

CMenck found this adult trapped in some synthetic netting that was accidentally left on the ground in her L.A. County desert yard. After cutting it out of the net, it went on its way and the net was removed.

Whiptail Tracks in sand

Whiptails, genus Aspidoscelis, have small granular dorsal scales.

Juveniles

Juvenile, Riverside County © Michael Sutton.
This juvenile whiptail was discovered walking on the surface of the water in a swimming pool for about a minute before it started to sink. It was underwater for about 20 seconds before it was rescued. After about two minutes, it came back to life and ran away.

Tiny juvenile, aprox. 2 inches long snout-to-vent, Imperial County © Karyn Sieglitz

Great Basin Whiptails From Outside California

Adult, Washoe County, Nevada

Juvenile, Washoe Co., Nevada

Predation

A Long-nosed Snake eating a Great Basin Whiptail © Lynette Schimming.

Adult Long-nosed Leopard Lizard eating a Great Basin Whiptail on a road in San Bernardino County. (It is not known if the whiptail was killed by the leopard lizard or if it was dead before it was consumed.
© Alexandra Hicks

A Greater Roadrunner with a freshly killed Great Basin Whiptail in San Bernardino County. © Dave Feliz
You can also watch a short YouTube video of this bird perched on top of a bush with the lizard in its beak as it sings. After singing it flew down to its nest in a cholla cactus where it probably fed the whiptail to its young.

This juvenile Long-nosed Leopard Lizard is eating a juvenile Great Basin Whiptail in Inyo County. Swallowing the complete tail is probably going to take some time.
© Jaye B

Habitat

Habitat, Inyo County

Habitat, San Diego County

Habitat, Inyo County

Habitat during Spring wildflower bloom, San Diego County

Habitat, Inyo County

Habitat, San Bernardino County

Habitat, Riverside County

Habitat, Imperial County desert

Habitat, Kern County

Habitat, Inyo County

Habitat, Great Basin desert,
4,000 ft., Lassen County

Habitat, rocky wash, Inyo County

Habitat, Kern County

Habitat, Inyo County

Habitat, San Diego County

Short Videos

A Great Basin Whiptail in the Kern County Mohave Desert digs around looking for food, then eats a red ant, but has trouble with it.

A Great Basin Whiptail climbs up into a desert shrub to search for food.

A noosed whiptail is released, but decides not to move until prodded and then it disappears in a flash.

Views of a couple of Great Basin Whiptails in the desert.

Two Great Basin Whiptails forage along the ground and on a rock outcrop with their characteristic slow and jerky movement.

Description

Size

Aspidoscelis tigris as a species is 2 3/8 - 5 inches inches long snout to vent (6 - 12.7 cm), up to around 13 inches (33 cm) total length.

Appearance

A slim-bodied lizard with a long slender tail, a pointed snout, and large symmetrical head plates.
Scales on the back are small and granular, and scales on the tail are keeled
The belly is made of large, smooth, rectangular scales in 8 lengthwise rows.
The tail can reach up to two times the length of the body.

Color and Pattern

The back and sides are grey, tan, or brown, marked with dark spots or bars or mottling, which is often very sharply defined. Dark marks on the sides often form vertical bars. Usually 4 faint light stripes are present along the back.
These stripes fade with age.
Often there are reddish patches on the sides of the belly.
The throat is pale with with obscure black spots.
The tail tip is dark or bluish.

Young

Juveniles have fairly well-defined stripes.
In the San Diego area, juveniles are spotted.
The tail tip is bright blue on juveniles.

Life History and Behavior

Activity

Diurnal.
Wary and very active, moving with abrupt stops and starts, side-to-side head movement, and tongue flicking.
Often seen digging rapidly when foraging.
Difficult to approach - typically foraging near cover, and capable of quick bursts of speed into heavy brush or holes.

Diet and Feeding

Eats small invertebrates, especially spiders, scorpions, centipedes, and termites, and small lizards.

A Great Basin Whiptail was observed catching and consuming a Sagebrush Lizard in Inyo County.
(Herpetological Review 38(4), 2007)

Reproduction

Unlike some species of whiptails which are all females, there are male and female western whiptails.
Males and females mate, usually beginning in May in the southern part of their range or in June in the northern part of the range, with females laying eggs in May or June.
Females lay one clutch of eggs per year.
Eggs hatch from June to August.

Habitat

Found in a variety of ecosystems, primarily hot and dry open areas with sparse foliage - deserts, chaparral, sagebrush, woodland, and riparian areas. Avoids areas with dense growth.

Geographical Range

In California, this subspecies ranges from the Great Basin deserts in the north - the Honey Lake Basin and the Surprise Valley - east of the Sierras into the Mojave and Colorado Deserts.

The species (Aspidoscelis tigris) ranges from Oregon and southern Idaho, south through California and Nevada to Baja California, and east into Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico and south into Sonora and Sinaloa, Mexico.

Occurrence in Northeast California

The California Dept. of Fish and Wildlife map shows the species present in much of Shasta, Siskiyou, Modoc, and Lassen Counties, and the 2012 and 2018 Stebbins & McGinnis field guides show a question mark in the area. I have searched museum records but I have found no records for A. tigris in Siskiyou or Modoc counties, and there are no iNaturalist observations for the species from the area either, so my maps no longer show it occuring there.

Elevational Range

The species is found at sea level to 7,000 ft. (2,130 m). This subspecies may differ somewhat.

Notes on Taxonomy

Alternate and Previous Names (Synonyms)

Aspidoscelis tigris tigris - Great Basin Whiptail (Stebbins & McGinnis 2012)
Cnemidophorus tigris tigris - Great Basin Whiptail (Stebbins 1954, 1966, 2003)
Cnemidophorus tessselatus tesselatus - Common Tesselated Racerunner (Smith 1946)
Cnemidophorus tigris tigris - Desert Whip-tailed Lizard (Cnemidophorus gracilis; Cnemidophorus tessellatus tigris, part; Cnemidophorus tessellatus tessellatus, part; Cnemidophorus sexlineatus var. tesselatus; Cnemidophorus sexlineatus var. bocourtii. Desert Whip-tail; Swift Jack; Tessellated Lizard; Tiger Armor-bearer; Tiger Lizard) (Grinnell and Camp 1917)

Conservation Issues (Conservation Status)

None

Taxonomy
Family	Teiidae	Whiptails and Racerunners	Gray, 1827
Genus	Aspidoscelis (formerly Cnemidophorus)	Whiptails	Fitzinger, 1843
Species	tigris	Tiger Whiptail	(Baird and Girard, 18s52)
Subspecies	tigris	Great Basin Whiptail	(Baird and Girard, 1852)
Original Description
(Cnemidophorus tigris - Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 69) from Original Description Citations for the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America © Ellin Beltz
Meaning of the Scientific Name
Aspidoscelis = "shield-leg" from the Ancient Greek aspido- ("shield") and skelos ("leg"). from Wickipedia tigris - Latin - of a tiger - refers to the dorsal pattern from Scientific and Common Names of the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America - Explained © Ellin Beltz
Related or Similar California Lizards
California Whiptail - A. t. munda San Diegan Tiger Whiptail - A. t. stejnegeri Belding's Orange-throated Whiptail - Aspidoscelis hyperythra beldingi
More Information and References
California Department of Fish and Wildlife Stebbins, Robert C., and McGinnis, Samuel M. Field Guide to Amphibians and Reptiles of California: Revised Edition (California Natural History Guides) University of California Press, 2012. Stebbins, Robert C. California Amphibians and Reptiles. The University of California Press, 1972. Flaxington, William C. Amphibians and Reptiles of California: Field Observations, Distribution, and Natural History. Fieldnotes Press, Anaheim, California, 2021. Samuel M. McGinnis and Robert C. Stebbins. Peterson Field Guide to Western Reptiles & Amphibians. 4th Edition. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, 2018. Stebbins, Robert C. A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians. 3rd Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2003. Behler, John L., and F. Wayne King. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf, 1992. Powell, Robert., Joseph T. Collins, and Errol D. Hooper Jr. A Key to Amphibians and Reptiles of the Continental United States and Canada. The University Press of Kansas, 1998. Bartlett, R. D. & Patricia P. Bartlett. Guide and Reference to the Turtles and Lizards of Western North America (North of Mexico) and Hawaii. University Press of Florida, 2009. Jones, Lawrence, Rob Lovich, editors. Lizards of the American Southwest: A Photographic Field Guide. Rio Nuevo Publishers, 2009. Smith, Hobart M. Handbook of Lizards, Lizards of the United States and of Canada. Cornell University Press, 1946. Brown et. al. Reptiles of Washington and Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society,1995. Nussbaum, R. A., E. D. Brodie Jr., and R. M. Storm. Amphibians and Reptiles of the Pacific Northwest. Moscow, Idaho: University Press of Idaho, 1983. St. John, Alan D. Reptiles of the Northwest: Alaska to California; Rockies to the Coast. 2nd Edition - Revised & Updated. Lone Pine Publishing, 2021. Brennan, Thomas C., and Andrew T. Holycross. Amphibians and Reptiles in Arizona. Arizona Game and Fish Department, 2006. Degenhardt, William G., Charles W. Painter, & Andrew H. Price. Amphibians and Reptiles of New Mexico. University of New Mexico Press, 1996. Williamson, Michael A., Paul W. Hyder, & John S. Applegarth. Snakes, Lizards, Turtles, Frogs, Toads & Salamanders of New Mexico. Sunstone Press, 1994. Joseph Grinnell and Charles Lewis Camp. A Distributional List of the Amphibians and Reptiles of California. University of California Publications in Zoology Vol. 17, No. 10, pp. 127-208. July 11, 1917.

Conservation Status
The following conservation status listings for this animal are taken from the April 2024 State of California Special Animals List and the April 2024 Federally Listed Endangered and Threatened Animals of California list (unless indicated otherwise below.) Both lists are produced by multiple agencies every year, and sometimes more than once per year, so the conservation status listing information found below might not be from the most recent lists. To make sure you are seeing the most recent listings, go to this California Department of Fish and Wildlife web page where you can search for and download both lists: https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Data/CNDDB/Plants-and-Animals. A detailed explanation of the meaning of the status listing symbols can be found at the beginning of the two lists. For quick reference, I have included them on my Special Status Information page. If no status is listed here, the animal is not included on either list. This most likely indicates that there are no serious conservation concerns for the animal. To find out more about an animal's status you can also go to the NatureServe and IUCN websites to check their rankings. Check the current California Department of Fish and Wildlife sport fishing regulations to find out if this animal can be legally pursued and handled or collected with possession of a current fishing license. You can also look at the summary of the sport fishing regulations as they apply only to reptiles and amphibians that has been made for this website. This animal is not included on the Special Animals List, which indicates that there are no significant conservation concerns for it in California.
Organization	Status Listing	Notes
NatureServe Global Ranking
NatureServe State Ranking
U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA)	None
California Endangered Species Act (CESA)	None
California Department of Fish and Wildlife	None
Bureau of Land Management	None
USDA Forest Service	None
IUCN

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