A Guide to the Amphibians
and Reptiles of California

Mohave Shovel-nosed Snake -
Chionactis occipitalis

(Hallowell, 1854)

(=Sonora occipitalis) (=Chionactis occipitalis occipitalis [Stickel, 1941] - Mohave Shovel-nosed Snake)

Click on a picture for a larger view

Red = Range of this species in California

Chionactis occipitalis - Mohave Shovel-nosed Snake

Range of other similar species in California:

Dark Blue: Chionactis annulata annulata -
Colorado Desert Shovel-nosed Snake

Click the map for a topographical view

Adult, Inyo County

Adult, Kern County

Adult, Riverside County

Adult, Inyo County

Adult, Riverside County
© Harold De Lisle

Adult, northeast Kern County

Adult male, San Bernardino County
© Trevor Yehle

Adult, Kern County © Ryan Sikola

Adult, Riverside County
© Gregory Litiatco

Adult, Riverside County © Grigory Heaton

Adult, northeast Kern County

Adult, northern Riverside County © Brian Hinds
This snake from the Little San Bernardino Mountains, which are in the range of
C. occipitalis, shows characteristics of the southern species of Chionactis -
C. a. annulata - including some red markings and dark bands that circle the body. (Most of the dark bands on C. occipitalis do not circle the body.)

Mohave Shovel-nosed Snakes Formerly recognized as the subspecies
Chionactis occipitalis talpina - Nevada Shovel-nosed Snake

Adult, Inyo County

Adult, Inyo County (formerly Chionactis occipitalis talpina)

Mohave Shovel-nosed Snakes with Atypical Coloring

Dark adult with no yellow or red coloring, San Bernardino County, from dark lava field habitat © Ryan Sikola

Top: a typically-colored adult
Bottom: the same dark adult seen above. Both were found at the same San Bernardino lava field location © Ryan Sikola

© Kenny Elliott This ususually colorless snake was observed in a black lava field in San Bernardino County. Some snakes and lizards in areas with dark lava have developed dark coloring to better blend in with the environment, but this snake is partly white, so I suspect it is missing the red and yellow pigments normally found on this species.

Anerythristic adult, Riverside County
© Brody Trent

This black and white shovel-nosed snake was found in Riverside County
© Brian Hinds

Top: anerythristic adult
Bottom: normally-pigmented sub-adult
Riverside County © Brody Trent

Black and white phase adult from Riverside County © Gregory Litiatco

Habitat

Habitat, Inyo County

Habitat, Riverside County

Habitat, Inyo County

Habitat, Riverside County

Habitat, Riverside County

Habitat, desert on the CA Border,
Nye County, Nevada

Short Videos

Two views of a Mohave Shovel-nosed Snake crawling.

Tired of being continually picked up and posed for the camera, this tiny but gutsy Mohave Shovel-nosed Snake finally got angry and struck repeatedly at the camera.

Similar Snakes

Comparison chart of Chionactis in California,
along with the similar sympatric species - Sonora semiannulata,
and the similar species - Chilomeniscus stramineus.

Description

Not Dangerous (Non-poisonous) - This snake does not have venom that is dangerous to most humans.

Size

Adults are 11 - 17 inches long (25 - 43 cm)

Appearance

A small rounded snake with smooth, unkeeled, shiny scales.
The head is narrow with a large spade-like scale on the tip of a flat shovel-like snout, a countersunk lower jaw, and nasal valves.

Color and Pattern

The ground color is cream or yellowish and the body is circled with 24 or more dark brown bands, usually with no red crossbands between them.
Most dark bands do not completely encircle the body.

Life History and Behavior

Activity

Nocturnal.
Burrows underground in daytime, but occasionally found by day in shaded areas.
Smooth scales, flat shout, concave abdomen, and nasal valves are adaptations that allow for a quick swimming movement through loose sand, with an s-shaped, side-to-side movement.
Often seen crossing desert roads at night.

Diet and Feeding

Eats invertebrates: insects, scorpions, spiders, centipedes, larval insects and moths, often while the snake is burrowing.

Reproduction

Lays eggs late spring through summer.

Habitat

Inhabits dry desert habitats with loose sand and often with little vegetation - washes, dunes, sandy flats, rocky hillsides.

Geographical Range

The species Chionactis occipitalis - Western Shovel-nosed Snake, occurs from the Southern California deserts into Nevada, western Arizona, Baja California and northern Sonora, Mexico.

Notes on Taxonomy

Cox et al in their April 2018 paper "Synopsis and taxonomic revision of three genera in the snake tribe Sonorini," synonymized genera Chilomeniscus and Chionactis with genus Sonora. They did not discuss common names changes.
If their taxomomy is accepted:

* Sonora semiannulata semiannulata becomes Sonora semiannulata;
* Chionactis occipitalis becomes Sonora occipitalis;
* Chionactis annulata annulata becomes Sonora annulata;
* Chilomeniscus stramineus, where possibly present in California, becomes Sonora cincta.

(Synopsis and taxonomic revision of three genera in the snake tribe Sonorini.
Christian L. Cox, Alison R. Davis Rabosky, Iris A. Holmes, Jacobo Reyes-Valasco, Corey E. Roelke, Eric N. Smith, Oscar Flores-Villela, Jimmy A. GcGuire and Jonathan A. Campbell.
Journal of Natural History, 2018 Vol. 52, Nos. 13-16, 945-988.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2018.1449912)

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SSAR Herpetological Circular No. 43, 2017, recommends a change in the currently accepted taxonomy of
Chionactis occipitalis:

"Wood et al. (2008, Conserv. Gen. 9: 1489–1507) demonstrated, using mtDNA and morphological data, that population structure was not concordant with the traditional subspecific taxonomy. They also revealed two potentially independent evolutionary lineages. A phylogeographic study from Wood et al. (2014; PLoS ONE e97494) using mtDNA and microsatellites indicates that C. o. annulata should be elevated to species status, while retaining two subspecies
C. a. annulata and C. a. klauberi, that conform to patterns of genetic structure. The authors found no support for
C. o. talpina and place it in synonomy with C. occipitalis."

C. o. annulata becomes: C. annulata annulata (Baird, 1859 “1858”) - Colorado Desert Shovel-nosed Snake
C. o. klauberi becomes: C. a. klauberi (Stickel, 1941) - Tucson Shovel-nosed Snake
C. o. occipitalis becomes: C. occipitalis (Hallowell, 1854) - Mohave Shovel-nosed Snake
C. o. talpina becomes: C. occipitalis (Hallowell, 1854) - Mohave Shovel-nosed Snake

'The spelling of the word "Mojave" or "Mohave" has been a subject of debate. Lowe in the preface to his "Venomous Reptiles of Arizona" (1986) argued for "Mohave" as did Campbell and Lamar (2004, "The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere"). According to linguistics experts on Native American languages, either spelling is correct, but using either the "j" or "h" is based on whether the word is used in a Spanish or English context. Given that this is an English names list, we use the "h" spelling (P. Munro, Linguistics, UCLA, pers. comm.).'

(Taxon Notes to Crotalus scutulatus, SSAR Herpetological Circular no 39, published August 2012, John J. Moriarty, Editor.)

Alternate and Previous Names (Synonyms)

C. o. occipitalis - Mojave Shovel-nosed Snake (Stebbins 1966, 1985, 2003, 2012)
C. o. occipitalis - Mojave ringed snake; banded (ground) snake; (bicolor) spade-nosed snake; desert (ground) snake; Hallowell's ground snake; Mojave desert shovel-nosed snake; pencil snake; ringed ground snake; shovel-nosed ground snake; tricolor ground snake (Wright & Wright 1957)
C. o. occipitalis - (Stebbins 1954)
Sonora occipitalis - Desert Burrowing Snake (Rhinostoma occipitale; Lamprosoma annulatum; Lamprosoma occipitale; Chionactis occipitalis; Chionactis occipitalis annulatus. Desert Snake; Mohave Ringed Snake) (Grinnell and Camp 1917)
C. o. occipitalis - Desert burrowing snake (Camp 1916)

Conservation Issues (Conservation Status)

None

Taxonomy
Family	Colubridae	Colubrids
Genus	Chionactis	Shovel-nosed Snakes
Species	occipitalis	Western Shovel-nosed Snake
Original Description
Chionactis occipitalis - (Hallowell, 1854) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 95 from Original Description Citations for the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America © Ellin Beltz
Meaning of the Scientific Name
Chionactis - Greek - chion - snow and aktis - ray or beam occipitalis - Latin - pertaining to the back of the head from Scientific and Common Names of the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America - Explained © Ellin Beltz
Alternate Names
Mojave Desert Shovelnose Snake
Related or Similar California Snakes
C. o. annulata - Colorado Desert Shovel-nosed Snake C. o. talpina - Nevada Shovel-nosed Snake S. s. semiannulata - Variable Groundsnake R. l. lecontei - Western Long-nosed Snake
More Information and References
California Department of Fish and Wildlife Stebbins, Robert C., and McGinnis, Samuel M. Field Guide to Amphibians and Reptiles of California: Revised Edition (California Natural History Guides) University of California Press, 2012. Stebbins, Robert C. California Amphibians and Reptiles. The University of California Press, 1972. Flaxington, William C. Amphibians and Reptiles of California: Field Observations, Distribution, and Natural History. Fieldnotes Press, Anaheim, California, 2021. Samuel M. McGinnis and Robert C. Stebbins. Peterson Field Guide to Western Reptiles & Amphibians. 4th Edition. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, 2018. Stebbins, Robert C. A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians. 3rd Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2003. Behler, John L., and F. Wayne King. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf, 1992. Powell, Robert., Joseph T. Collins, and Errol D. Hooper Jr. A Key to Amphibians and Reptiles of the Continental United States and Canada. The University Press of Kansas, 1998. Bartlett, R. D. & Patricia P. Bartlett. Guide and Reference to the Snakes of Western North America (North of Mexico) and Hawaii. University Press of Florida, 2009. Bartlett, R. D. & Alan Tennant. Snakes of North America - Western Region. Gulf Publishing Co., 2000. Brown, Philip R. A Field Guide to Snakes of California. Gulf Publishing Co., 1997. Ernst, Carl H., Evelyn M. Ernst, & Robert M. Corker. Snakes of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Institution Press, 2003. Wright, Albert Hazen & Anna Allen Wright. Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. Cornell University Press, 1957. Joseph Grinnell and Charles Lewis Camp. A Distributional List of the Amphibians and Reptiles of California. University of California Publications in Zoology Vol. 17, No. 10, pp. 127-208. July 11, 1917.

Conservation Status
The following conservation status listings for this animal are taken from the October 2021 California "Special Animals List" and the October 2021 "State and Federally Listed Endangered and Threatened Animals of California" list, both of which are produced by multiple agencies and available here: https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Data/CNDDB/Plants-and-Animals. You can check the link to see if there are more recent lists. If no status is listed here, the animal is not included on either list. This most likely indicates that there are no serious conservation concerns for the animal. To find out more about an animal's status you can go to the NatureServe and IUCN websites to check their rankings. This snake is not included on the Special Animals List, which indicates that there are no significant conservation concerns for it in California.
Organization	Status Listing	Notes
NatureServe Global Ranking
NatureServe State Ranking
U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA)	None
California Endangered Species Act (CESA)	None
California Department of Fish and Wildlife	None
Bureau of Land Management	None
USDA Forest Service	None
IUCN

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Mohave Shovel-nosed Snake - Chionactis occipitalis

Mohave Shovel-nosed Snake -
Chionactis occipitalis