A Guide to the Amphibians
and Reptiles of California

Southern Alligator Lizard - Elgaria multicarinata

Forest Alligator Lizard (California Alligator Lizard) -
Elgaria multicarinata multicarinata

(Blainville, 1835)

Click on a picture for a larger view

Southern Alligator Lizards Caifornia Range Map

Red = Range of this subspecies in California

Elgaria multicarinata multicarinata -
Forest Alligator Lizard (California Alligator Lizard)

Range of other subspecies:

Dark Blue: Elgaria multicarinata webbii -
Woodland Alligator Lizard (San Diego Alligator Lizard)

Click the map for a topographical view.

Northwest Page

Adult with complete original tail, Yuba County

Adult with tail that was broken off and has grown back, Contra Costa County

Adult, Contra Costa County

Adult with regenerated tail,
Contra Costa County

Adult, Yuba County

Adult, Alameda County

Adult with regenerated tail,
San Mateo County

Adult as found beneath a log in
Napa County in January.

Adult, Contra Costa County

Adult, Yuba County

Adult, Contra Costa County

Adult, Alameda County

Adult, Contra Costa County

Adult, Santa Cruz County

Adult with regenerated tail, Sierra Nevada foothills, El Dorado County

Adult female, Napa County
© Adam G. Clause

Adult with regenerated tail, Yosemite Valley, Mariposa County
© Olly Burrows

Adult, Sutter Buttes, Sutter County.
© Jackson Shedd.
Specimen courtesy of Eric Olson.

Adult, Santa Clara County
© Yuval Helfman

Adult with a regenerating tail that looks like a black spine,
Santa Clara County © Alex Boyer

Adult from along the Stanislaus River in Stanislaus County © Anonymous

Adult, Santa Clara County © Yuval Helfman

Adult, Humboldt County
© Steven Krause

Adult, Siskiyou County

Adult, Del Norte County © Alan Barron

Adult found a few miles northeast of Crescent City in Del Norte County
© Steven Krause

Alligator lizards are good climbers, using their somewhat prehensile tail to hold on, but they aren't easy to spot in trees since they blend in well with the branches. This adult with a very long intact tail frequents this Mulberry tree in Tulare County.
© Sylvia Durando

Alligator lizards got their name from their body shape and large scales that are similar to the scales on an alligator, but this sub-adult in Nevada County dove into a stream and swam away like its much larger more aquatic namesake. © Lou Silva

Adult, Alameda County © Xiaopei Gelb
This California Alligator Lizard has an extraordinarily long tail that has apparently never been broken. The bricks are exactly six inches high which makes the length of the lizard 12 or more inches which is as long as they get.

Adult found in a Sacramento yard, Sacramento County
© Benjamin Martinez

Adult, Placer County
© Teejay O'Rear

This California Alligator Lizard was found on a screen door in Alameda County.
© Ameet Zaveri

This California Alligator Lizard was found with the rear half of its body stuck inside a discarded beer can in Santa Clara County. This might be proof that some lizards use beer cans as protective shells in the same way that hermit crabs use borrowed shells. Or more likely it just shows that the lizard entered the can looking for food or shelter (or maybe beer) and got stuck trying to get out. © Katie Quehl.

Adult, Santa Clara County
© Yuval Helfman

Western Alligator Lizards, genus Elgaria, have large rectangular keeled scales on the back that are reinforced with bone.
(Elgaria multicarinata multicarinata is shown here).

Juveniles

Juvenile, Contra Costa County

Young juvenile, Contra Costa County

Unusual and Interesting Pigments and Patterns

To see more unusually pigmented or patterned Southern Alligator Lizards, look at the Woodland Alligator Lizard page.

This nearly patternless and colorless adult was photographed in Sonoma County. The eyes are
the normal color, which rules out albinism, so this might be a leucistic lizard. © Lilith Schauer

Very dark adult from
Sacramento County.

Adult with a yellow back, Colusa County © Andy Stocker

Adult with no black on the back and lots of orange coloring, Santa Clara County

Adult with green coloring,
Monterey County © Phil Gervato

Breeding Behavior

These lizards were found breeding in early May in Placer County. The photo on the right was taken the day after the photo on the left. They had been seen together for 2 days, travelling back and forth over a distance of about 30 feet. © Rod

A pair of adults mating in late May in Contra Costa County. © Naomi Schiff

Male and female courting in early May in San Joaquin County.

These copulating lizards were found in the middle of the city of Sacramento, in Sacramento County. © Leslie Hurlburt

This copulating pair of Forest Alligator Lizards
was found in Sacramento in mid May.

This female alligator lizard was observed sitting on a trail in Santa Clara County. She started slowly moving in a circle lifting her tail and turning her head under her tail in a circle around her eggs. Normally a female would dig a place or find a sheltered place to lay and brood her eggs, so this behavior is hard to understand. Perhaps she was injured and laid the eggs prematurely. There's no way to know for sure but it's doubtful she was able to successfully incubate the eggs out in the open.
© Wim de Groot

Parasites

It is common to find blood-engorged ticks attached to alligator lizards, especially in and around the ear openings, as you can see on the Forest Alligator Lizard on the left, on the Shasta Alligator Lizard in the middle, and on the
San Francisco Alligator Lizard on the right.

Adult Forest Alligator Lizard in Nevada County infested with ticks behind the ear. © Julia Ggem

Predators

This California Kingsnake was observed battling a Forest Alligator Lizard on a hiking trail in Santa Clara County. The alligator lizard clamped its jaws down on the snake's tail and held on tight even after it died. The snake had to pull and thrash about for more than 20 minutes before the lizard let go of the badly-damaged tail, finally allowing the snake to swallow it. © Wim de Groot

A California Striped Racer has caught a Forest Alligator Lizard in
El Dorado County © Jim Bennett

Tail Loss Defense (Caudal Autotomy)

As we were photographing the Alameda County alligator lizard seen above, my herping companion picked it up to get a better pose. The lizard had already been handled for 5 to 10 minutes and seemed to tolerate it, but this time it decided to drop its tail. We felt terrible to be responsible for the loss of such a nice unbroken tail. Sometimes when you pick up a lizard too close to the tail, or push the tail against a hard sufrace, you can accidentally cause it to detach, but that wasn't the case here. I put the writhing tail on the ground where it moved around for 4 - 5 minutes until it stopped, shooting some video of it, then set it back next to the lizard to get these photos. You can see the video here. The lizard was then put back under his log unharmed, but unable now to use a detached tail as a decoy until it grows another one.

Forked Tails

Sometimes when the tail of a Southern Alligator Lizard is broken off, two tails grow back from the break point.

Adult, Placer County, with a forked regenerated tail. © Sara Walhovd

Adult, Los Angeles County with a large forked tail. © Joshua Nyhus

Habitat

Oak woodland habitat,
Contra Costa County

Habitat, Contra Costa County

Habitat, Yosemite Valley,
Mariposa County

Habitat, 1900 ft., Siskiyou County

Oak, Pine, grassland habitat,
Napa County

Habitat, Yuba County

Habitat, San Mateo County

Habitat, 2500 ft., Siskiyou County

Habitat, East Bay Hills,
Contra Costa County

Habitat, Alameda County

Adult in situ as it was found under a board in a forest clearing in Santa Clara County

Short Videos

A Forest Alligator Lizard is discovered under a board on a sunny spring afternoon. It tries to bite, crawls across the ground in snake-like fashion, tries to climb over the camera, sticking out its tongue, then ducks back under its board.

An adult is discovered under a piece of wood on a grassy hillside on a cold February afternoon in Contra Costa County.

A brief look at a juvenile Forest Alligator Lizard that refused to do anything interesting for the camera.

This video shows how an alligator lizard's tail thrashes around after it has been dropped to distract a predator. This is the same dropped tail seen above. The tail moved for about 4-5 minutes, which has been cut down here to about a minute, showing several different speeds until it is just barely moving.

Two short movies of juvenile Forest alligator lizards uncovered in winter that don't want to move much for the camera until it's time to escape.

Description

Size

E. multicarinata ranges from 2 7/8 - 7 inches in snout to vent length (7.3 - 17.8 cm) (Stebbins, 2003) and up to aprox. 12 inches (304 mm) in total length.

Appearance

Alligator lizards, genus Elgaria, are members of the family Anguidae, a family of lizards found in the Americas, Europe, Asia, and Africa.

They are characterized by a thick rounded body with short limbs and long tail.

Large bony scales, a large head on an elongated body and powerful jaws probably give the lizards their common name.

The tail can reach twice the length of its body if it has never been broken off and regenerated.

Scales are keeled on the back, sides, and legs, with 14 rows of scales across the back at the middle of the body.
(Compare with the 16 rows of scales found on Elgaria coerulea.)

The scales of this subspecies are less heavily keeled than E. m. webbii.

A band of small granular scales separates the larger bone-reinforced scales on the back and on the belly, creating a fold along each side. These folds allow the body to expand to hold food, eggs, or live young. The fold contracts when the extra capacity is not needed.

The head of a male is broader than a female's with a more triangular shape.

Color and Pattern

Color is brown, grey, or yellowish above, with red blotches on the middle of the back.

Usually there are 9 - 13 dark bands on the back, sides, and tail, with adjacent white spots. On some lizards these dark bands are very pronounced, on others they are covered with reddish or yellowish color.

The head is usually mottled with dark color.

Eyes

The eyes are light yellow around the pupils.
(Compare with the darker eyes of a simillar species - the Northern Alligator Lizard -Elgaria coerulea.)

Lines on the Belly

Usually there are dark lines or dashes lengthwise on the belly which run through the middle of the scales.
(Compare with the lines on the belly of the Northern Alligator Lizard - Elgaria coerulea, which run between the scales, along their edges.)

Young

Hatchlings are very thin and small, roughly 4 inches long, with smooth shiny skin with a plain tan, light brown, or copper colored back and tail.
The sides are darker and sometimes mottled or barred as they are on adults. Juveniles gradually develop the large scales and heavy dark barring found on the back and tails of adults.

Life History and Behavior

Activity

Diurnal, crepuscular, and sometimes nocturnal: active during daylight and twilight, but sometimes active at night during hot weather.
Inactive during cold weather in winter.

Alligator lizards are generally secretive, tending to hide in brush or under rocks, although they are often seen foraging out in the open or on roads in the morning and evening. They are common inhabitants of suburban yards and garages. (I have received many emails asking me to identify alligator lizards found in yards and garages, and inside houses, mostly in Southern California, the Bay Area, and the Sacramento area.)

Movement

Moves with a snake-like undulating motion, often tucking the rear legs up against the side of the body and pulling itself along on its belly with the front feet.
The slightly prehensile tail can be used to wrap around vegetation when climbing.
A good swimmer, sometimes diving into the water to escape by swimming away.

Defense

The tail of an alligator lizard is easily broken off, as it is with many lizards.
The tail will grow back, although generally not as perfectly as the original.
A lizard may detach its tail deliberately as a defensive tactic. When first detached, the tail will writhe around for several minutes, long enough to distract a hungry predator from the lizard.
More information about tail loss and regeneration.

Males sometimes also extrude the hemipenes when threatened.

Often when an alligator lizard is observed lying still or basking, it will tuck its legs back toward the body. This is probably a defensive measure to break up the outline of the lizard's body so that a predator can't tell that it's an animal with legs. This might be to give it the appearance of a stick or shadow or something not alive, or it might be to imitate a snake, since many animals are naturally afraid of snakes and will hesitate to approach or attack a snake.

Other defensive tactics used by alligator lizards are smearing the contents of the cloaca on the enemy and biting.
They often bite onto a predatory snake, on the neck or the head, rendering the snake unable to attack.
Samuel M. McGinnis (Stebbins & McGinnis, 2012) reports seeing a juvenile alligator lizard bite onto its own tail making itself impossible to be swallowed by a juvenile Alameda Striped Racer, which eventually gave up.

Diet and Feeding

Eats a variety of small invertebrates. Will also eat small lizards and small mammals. Occasionally feed on bird eggs and young birds. (Stebbins)

Reproduction

Mating occurs in Spring, most likely from April to May.
Eggs are laid sometime from May to July and they hatch during late summer and early fall.
Young hatch fully-formed.

During the breeding season, a male lizard grabs on to the head of a female with his mouth until she is ready to let him mate with her. They can remain attached this way for many hours, almost oblivious to their surroundings. Besides keeping her from running off to mate with another male, this probably shows her how strong and suitable a mate he is.

Habitat

Grassland, open forest, chaparral. Common in foothill oak woodlands. Commonly found hiding under rocks, logs, boards, trash, other surface cover.

Geographical Range

The subspecies Elgaria multicarinata multicarinata ranges from Washington State south along the coast to Monterey Bay and through the northern Central Valley east to the Sierra Nevada south to northern Kern County.

The species Elgaria multicarinata ranges from southern Washington State south to northwestern Baja California, including San Martin and Los Coronados islands. Also found on most of the Channel Islands. Introduced into Las Vegas (where, apparently it is found in gardens.)

Most range maps, including mine, have shown the species absent from much of Del Norte and Humboldt counties along the northern California coast. After more than 50 years of showing that gap in his field guides, Stebbins shows the species present there in his 2012 field guide, and after learning of specimens found near Arcata and Crescent City, I have also filled in that gap. (The distribution of the species is probably fragmented in this area.)

Most range maps also show the species absent from most of the San Joaquin Valley due to the wetlands in the area in the past and the current agricultural development, but since they have been found in yards in cities in the valley such as Los Banos, it's possible they have spread to other cities and towns in the valley.

Elevational Range of the Species

In his 2003 field guide, Stebbins mentions that the species Elgaria multicarinata occurs from sea level to over 5,000 ft. in elevation (1,524 m.) but since then E. m. webbii has been found at 7,250 ft. (2,210 m.) on Frazier Mountain in Ventura County and at 8,000 ft. (2,438 m.) in the eastern San Bernardino Mountains. In June, 2019 Joseph Esparza took pictures of one basking on rocks with 2-3 feet of snow on the ground nearby at 10,362 ft. (3158 m.) on top of Marion Mountain in the San Jacinto State Park Wilderness.

Notes on Taxonomy

The 2008 SSAR Herpetological Circular No. 37, Crother et al., included the following information about E. multicarinata subspecies:

"A molecular phylogeographic study of Feldman and Spicer (2006, Mol. Ecol. 15: 2201–2222) failed to support currently recognized subspecies boundaries within E. multicarinata (Fitch, 1938, Am. Midl. Nat. 20: 381–424). Haplotypes from the central Coast Ranges of California (formerly multicarinata) are more closely related to those from southern (webbii) rather than northern (multicarinata) California, while haplotypes from the Sierra Nevada (formerly webbii) are more closely related to those from northern (multicarinata) rather than southern (webbii) California. In addition, haplotypes representing E. m. multicariniata and E. m. scincicauda are phylogenetically intermixed, calling their separation into question."

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The 2017 SSAR Herpetological Circular No. 43 Standard Names List follows two studies that don't support the traditional subspecies boundaries within E. multicarinata, changing the common names of the subspecies:

E. m. scincicauda - Oregon Alligator Lizard is no longer recognized. Lizards formerly recognized as that subspecies become E. m. multicarinata - Forest Alligator Lizard.
E. m. multicarinata - California Alligator Lizard becomes E. m. multicarinata - Forest Alligator Lizard
E. m. webbii - San Diego Alligator Lizard becomes E. m. webbii - Woodland Alligator Lizard

E. multicarinata in the Sierra Nevada mountains, formerly E. m. webbii, become E. m. multicarinata - Forest Alligator Lizard.
E. multicarinata in the central Coast Ranges, formerly E. m. multicarinata, become E. m. webbii - Woodland Alligator Lizard.

The contact zones between the subspecies are in the Monterey Bay area and in Kern County north of the Kern River.

Alternate and Previous Names (Synonyms)

Elgaria multicarinata multicarinata - California Alligator Lizard (Stebbins 2003, Stebbins & McGinnis 2012)
Gerrhonotus multicarinatus multicarinatus - California Alligator Lizard (Stebbins 1966, 1985)
Gerrhonotus multicarinatus - Foothill Alligator Lizard (Stebbins 1954)
Gerrhonotus multicarinatus multicarinatus - Red-backed Alligator Lizard (Smith 1946)
Gerrhonotus scincicauda scincicauda - California Alligator Lizard (Elgaria scincicauda; Gerrhonotus multicarinatus, part. Skink-tailed Lizard, part; Many-keeled Lizard, part; Many-ribbed Lizard) (Grinnell and Camp 1917)

Conservation Issues (Conservation Status)

None

Taxonomy
Family	Anguidae	Alligator Lizards & Allies	Gray, 1825
Genus	Elgaria	Western Alligator Lizards	Gray, 1838
Species	multicarinata	Southern Alligator Lizard	(Blainville, 1835)
Subspecies	multicarinata	Forest Alligator Lizard	(Blainville, 1835)
Original Description
Elgaria multicarinata - (Blainville, 1835) - Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 4, p. 298, pl. 25, fig. 2 from Original Description Citations for the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America © Ellin Beltz
Meaning of the Scientific Name
Elgaria - obscure - possibly named for an "Elgar" or a pun on "alligator." multicarinata - Latin multi many, and carinata keeled - refers to the keeled scales from Scientific and Common Names of the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America - Explained © Ellin Beltz
Related or Similar California Lizards
E. c. coerulea - San Francisco Alligator Lizard E. c. palmeri - Sierra Alligator Lizard E. c. shastensis - Shasta Alligator Lizard E. c. principis - Northwestern Alligator Lizard E. m. webbii - Woodland Alligator Lizard E. panamintina - Panamint Alligator Lizard
More Information and References
California Department of Fish and Wildlife Stebbins, Robert C., and McGinnis, Samuel M. Field Guide to Amphibians and Reptiles of California: Revised Edition (California Natural History Guides) University of California Press, 2012. Stebbins, Robert C. California Amphibians and Reptiles. The University of California Press, 1972. Flaxington, William C. Amphibians and Reptiles of California: Field Observations, Distribution, and Natural History. Fieldnotes Press, Anaheim, California, 2021. Samuel M. McGinnis and Robert C. Stebbins. Peterson Field Guide to Western Reptiles & Amphibians. 4th Edition. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, 2018. Stebbins, Robert C. A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians. 3rd Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2003. Behler, John L., and F. Wayne King. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf, 1992. Powell, Robert., Joseph T. Collins, and Errol D. Hooper Jr. A Key to Amphibians and Reptiles of the Continental United States and Canada. The University Press of Kansas, 1998. Bartlett, R. D. & Patricia P. Bartlett. Guide and Reference to the Turtles and Lizards of Western North America (North of Mexico) and Hawaii. University Press of Florida, 2009. Jones, Lawrence, Rob Lovich, editors. Lizards of the American Southwest: A Photographic Field Guide. Rio Nuevo Publishers, 2009. Smith, Hobart M. Handbook of Lizards, Lizards of the United States and of Canada. Cornell University Press, 1946. Chris R. Feldman and Greg S. Spicer. Comparative phylogeography of woodland reptiles in California: repeated patterns of cladogenesis and population expansion. Molecular Ecology (February, 2006) 15, pp. 2201–2222 Dean H. Leavitt, Angela B. Marion, Bradford D. Hollingsworth, Tod W. Reeder. Multilocus phylogeny of alligator lizards (Elgaria, Anguidae): Testing mtDNA introgression as the source of discordant molecular phylogenetic hypotheses. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 110 (February, 2017) pp.104–121. Joseph Grinnell and Charles Lewis Camp. A Distributional List of the Amphibians and Reptiles of California. University of California Publications in Zoology Vol. 17, No. 10, pp. 127-208. July 11, 1917.

Conservation Status
The following conservation status listings for this animal are taken from the October 2021 California "Special Animals List" and the October 2021 "State and Federally Listed Endangered and Threatened Animals of California" list, both of which are produced by multiple agencies and available here: https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Data/CNDDB/Plants-and-Animals. You can check the link to see if there are more recent lists. If no status is listed here, the animal is not included on either list. This most likely indicates that there are no serious conservation concerns for the animal. To find out more about an animal's status you can go to the NatureServe and IUCN websites to check their rankings. This animal is not included on the Special Animals List, which indicates that there are no significant conservation concerns for it in California.
Organization	Status Listing	Notes
NatureServe Global Ranking
NatureServe State Ranking
U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA)	None
California Endangered Species Act (CESA)	None
California Department of Fish and Wildlife	None
Bureau of Land Management	None
USDA Forest Service	None
IUCN

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Forest Alligator Lizard (California Alligator Lizard) - Elgaria multicarinata multicarinata

Forest Alligator Lizard (California Alligator Lizard) -
Elgaria multicarinata multicarinata