|
 |
 |
 |
Adult, Yavapai County, Arizona |
Adult, Arizona. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum
|
 |
 |
 |
Possible habitat along the Colorado River near Needles, San Bernardino County |
Possible habitat near the Colorado River near Ft. Mojave, San Bernardino County |
|
Description |
| Size |
| Adults are 2 - 3 inches from snout to vent ( 4.6 - 8.6 cm). |
| Appearance |
| A plump, stocky toad with dry, skin with low warts and few tubercles. No cranial crests. Oval, widely separated parotoid glands that are pale toward the front. Pupils are horizontal. Color is usually gray, but can be beige, pale yellow, pink, rusty, and brown. No stripe down the middle of the back. Often paler on front of parotoids, upper eyelids, and central upper back. Whitish below, with no spots or mottling. Male and female throats are pale. Young are salmon-colored or light olive with reddish warts. Moves by hopping instead of walking. (Has fewer warts and spots and tubercles than related B. californicus.) |
| Voice |
| A fast musical trill, about 10 seconds, rising in pitch, and ending abruptly. Calls at night from shallow pools. (You can listen to it at Amphibiaweb.) |
| Behavior |
| Nocturnally active, remaining underground in the daytime, but occasionally seen moving about in daylight or resting at the edge of breeding pools in the breeding season. Parotoid glands and warts can secrete a poison to deter some predators. |
| Diet |
| Diet consists of a wide variety of invertebrates. Typical of most frogs, the prey is located by vision, then a large sticky tongue is used to catch the prey and bring it into the mouth to eat. |
| Reproduction |
| Mating and egg-laying takes place in streams, not depending on rainfall, from March to July. Fertilization is external. Egg strings are laid on the bottom of pools. |
| Range |
The overall range of this toad is fragmented, from the Colorado River drainage near Fort Mojave, east across central Arizona into western New Mexico, and around the area where the Nevada, Utah, and Arizona borders meet.
In his 1972 book California Amphibians and Reptiles, Robert Stebbins states that this toad is present at the Colorado River near Needles, but we have not yet found any records of museum specimens from that area of California. In the range map of his subsequent 2003 field guide, Stebbins does not indicate that B. microsacphus occurs (or even formerly occured) in California. Many sources do show the range of this toad extending into California, as in this US Forest Service map, and this IUCN map.
We list the species as formerly present in California due to these and other indications of its occurance in California across the Colorado River from known populations around Fort Mojave, Arizona. More recent range maps which do not show this species occuring in California are interpreted as illustrating that the species no longer occurs in the state due to habitat alteration. |
| Habitat |
Inhabits riparian areas from lowlands near the Colorado River drainage in California, into uplands and pine-oak woodland.
From 600 - 6,000 ft. (190 - 1,829 m.) |
| Taxonomic Notes |
In 1998 B. microscaphus was split into two species, B. californicus, and B. microscaphus. Some sources still list this toad as a subspecies of Bufo microscaphus, Bufo microscaphus microscaphus.
This toad has been renamed Anaxyrus microscaphus, but this nomenclature is not yet standard. |
| Conservation Issues (Conservation Status) |
| Estimated to be absent from 75% of its historic range largely due to impoundments which restrict the flow of stream water and create quiet waters which are more favored for breeding by a competing toad species, B. woodhousii, with which it hybridizes. |
|
|
Taxonomy |
| Family |
Bufonidae |
True Toads |
| Genus |
Bufo |
True Toads |
| Species |
microscaphus |
Arizona Toad
|
|
Original Description |
Cope, "1866" 1867 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 18, Oct., p. 301
from Original Description Citations for the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America © Ellin Beltz
|
|
Meaning of the Scientific Name |
Bufo - Toad
microscaphus - mikros - Greek - small
skaphis Greek - shovel - refers to this toad's tarsal spade
from Scientific and Common Names of the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America - Explained © Ellin Beltz
|
|
Alternate Names |
Formerly called Bufo microscaphus microscaphus
Anaxyrus microscaphus
|
|
Related or Similar California Frogs |
Bufo californicus - Arroyo Toad
|
|
More Information and References |
Natureserve Explorer
California Dept. of Fish and Game
AmphibiaWeb
Stebbins, Robert C. A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians. 3rd Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2003.
Behler, John L., & F. Wayne King. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf, 1992.
Davidson, Carlos. Booklet to the CD Frog and Toad Calls of the Pacific Coast - Vanishing Voices. Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, 1995. |
|
|
The following status listings come from the Special Animals List which is published several times each year by the California Department of Fish and Game.
This toad is not on the Special Animals List, meaning there are no significant conservation concerns for it in California according to the Dept. of Fish and Game. However, this might be because they do not recognize it as a distinct species. If it still occurs in California, this toad is definitely at risk.
|
Organization
|
Status Listing
|
| U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) |
|
|
| California Endangered Species Act (CESA) |
|
|
| California Department of Fish and Game |
|
|
| Bureau of Land Management |
|
|
| USDA Forest Service |
|
|
| Natureserve Global Conservation Status Ranks |
|
|
World Conservation Union - IUCN Red List
|
|
|
|
|
